Microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free

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Bought a Vid laptop 2100 Win micorsoft Home and trial version of Office already installed. Never used Office but tried didd install Office Pro with the followng error:. I can not uninstall either or Uninstall simply doesn’t work. I don’t seem to have enough permissions to delete the required keys and folders. The “Fix It” options in various tech articles don’t fail but don’t fix anything – no errors, no uninstall, no progress.

Please help. I am just about desparate to open my old MS Outlook microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free file to complete an audit and can’t get any of office to work. If not, follow the article and uninstall Office manually from the uninstqll and then try to install Office Note: Read the registry disclaimer mentioned in the article. Was this reply ofdice Yes No. Sorry this didn’t help.

Thanks for your feedback. Choose where you want to search below Search Search the Community. Search the community and support articles Install, redeem, activate Microsoft and Office Search Community member. Microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free used Office but tried to install Office Pro with the followng error: Description: Setup did not complete successfully.

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Cancel Submit. Surya Prasad Vemulapalli. Did you uninstall Office before installing Office ? How satisfied are you with this reply? Thanks for your feedback, it helps us improve the site. In reply to Surya Prasad Vemulapalli’s post on August 3, I tried that.

I uninstalled In reply to Vincine’s post on August 5, I had the same problem. I had searched and got nothing help. I restarted my PC. It works. I do not know why.

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Microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free

Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance and commercially sponsored by Google.

Most versions of Android are proprietary. When Android is installed on devices, ability to modify the otherwise FOSS software is usually restricted, either by not has stopped working microsoft free setup office 2010 the corresponding source code or preventing reinstallation through technical measures, rendering the installed version proprietary.

Most Android devices ship with additional proprietary software pre-installed, [4] most notably Google Mobile Services GMS [5] which includes core apps such as Google Chromethe digital distribution platform Google Playand associated Google Play Services development platform.

However, the “Android” name and logo are trademarks of Google which imposes standards to restrict the use of Android branding by “uncertified” devices outside their ecosystem.

The source code has been used to develop variants of Android on a range of other electronics, such as game consolesdigital camerasportable media playersPCseach with a specialized user interface.

Android has been the best-selling OS worldwide on smartphones since and on tablets since As of May [update]it has over three microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free monthly active usersthe largest installed base of any operating system, [9] and as microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free January [update]the Google Play Store features over 3 million apps.

Android Inc. Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android was facing eviction from its office space. Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated “I did it because I believed in the thing, and I wanted to help Andy.

Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system. Speculation about Google’s intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December On November 5,the Open Handset Alliancea consortium of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTCMotorola and Samsungwireless carriers such as Sprint and T-Mobileand chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instrumentsunveiled itself, with a goal to develop “the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices”.

In SeptemberInformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.

SinceAndroid has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system, adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases.

Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called ” Cupcake “, ” Donut “, ” Eclair “, and ” Froyo “, in that order. During its announcement of Android KitKat inGoogle explained that “Since these devices make our lives so sweet, each Android version is named after a dessert”, microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free a Google spokesperson told CNN in an interview that “It’s kind of like an internal team thing, and we prefer to be a little bit—how should I say—a bit inscrutable in the matter, I’ll say”.

InGoogle launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup как сообщается здесь which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions.

The series was described as having “played a pivotal role in Android’s history by introducing new software iterations and hardware standards across the board”, and became known for its ” bloat-free ” software with “timely He left Google in August to join Chinese phone maker Xiaomi. On Android 4. Writing access has been reinstated with Android 5 Lollipop through the backwards-incompatible Google Storage Access Framework interface.

In JuneGoogle announced Android Onea set of “hardware reference models” that would “allow [device makers] to easily create high-quality phones at low costs”, designed for consumers in developing countries. In Maythe operating system became entangled in the trade war between China and the United States involving Huaweiwhich, like many other tech firms, had become давно autodesk maya 2012 free download free download такого on access to the Android platform.

On August 22,it was announced that Android “Q” would officially microsoft office professional plus vs home and business 2019 free branded as Android 10, ending the historic practice of naming major versions after desserts. Google stated that these names were not “inclusive” to international users due either to the aforementioned foods not being internationally known, or being difficult to pronounce in some languages.

Android’s default user interface is mainly based on direct manipulationusing touch inputs that loosely correspond to real-world actions, like swiping, tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard.

Internal hardware, such as accelerometersgyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions, for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented, [80] or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device, simulating control of a steering wheel. Android devices boot to the home screenthe primary navigation and information “hub” on Android devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers.

Android home screens are typically made up of app icons and widgets ; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a weather forecastthe user’s email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the home screen. Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. This status bar can be pulled swiped down from to reveal a notification screen where apps display important information or updates, as well as quick access to system controls and toggles such as display brightness, connectivity settings WiFiBluetoothcellular dataaudio mode, and flashlight.

Notifications are “short, timely, and relevant information about your app when it’s not in use”, and when tapped, users are directed to a screen inside the app relating to the notification.

An “All Apps” screen lists all installed applications, with the ability for users to drag an app from the list onto the home screen. The app list may be accessed using a gesture or a button, depending on the Android version.

A “Recents” screen, also known as “Overview”, lets users switch between recently used apps. The recent list may appear side-by-side or overlapping, depending on the Android version and manufacturer. Many early Android OS smartphones were equipped with a dedicated search button for quick access to a web search engine and individual apps’ internal search feature.

More recent devices typically allow the former through a long press or swipe away from the home button. The dedicated option key, also known as menu key, and its on-screen simulation, is no longer supported since Android version Google recommends mobile application developers to locate menus within the user interface. Depending on device, its long press may simulate a menu button press or engage split screen view, the latter of which is the default behaviour since stock Android version 7.

Native support for split screen view has been added in stock Android version 7. The earliest vendor-customized Android-based smartphones known to have featured a split-screen view mode are the Samsung Galaxy S3 and Note 2the former of which received this feature with the premium suite upgrade delivered in TouchWiz with Android 4. When connecting or disconnecting charging power and when shortly actuating the power button or home button, all while the device is powered off, a visual battery meter whose appearance varies among vendors appears on the screen, allowing the user to quickly assess the charge status of a powered-off without having to boot it up first.

Some display the battery percentage. Since stock Microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free version 12, released earlysynchronous vibration can be set to complement audio. Applications ” apps “which extend the functionality of devices and must be bit []are written using the Android software microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free kit SDK [] and, often, Kotlin programming language, which replaced Java as Google’s preferred language for Android app development in May[] and was originally announced in May The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, [] including a debuggersoftware librariesa handset emulator based on QEMUdocumentation, sample code, and tutorials.

Android has a growing selection of third-party applications, which can be acquired by users by downloading and installing the application’s APK Android docx reader free download pc package file, or by downloading them using an application store program that allows users to install, update, and remove applications from their devices.

Google Play Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google’s compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software.

Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application marketplaces also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store, provide applications that cannot be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons. F-Droidanother alternative marketplace, seeks to only provide applications that are distributed under free and open source licenses.

In OctoberGoogle removed several Android applications from Play Storeas they were identified breaching its data collection rules. The storage of Android devices can be expanded using secondary devices such as SD cards. Android recognizes two types of secondary storage: portable storage which is used by defaultand adoptable storage. Portable storage is treated as an external storage device. Adoptable storage, introduced on Android 6. This has the disadvantage of preventing the memory card перейти на страницу being used with another device unless it is reformatted.

Android 4. Apps are required to use the SAF to access any other part of the filesystem. Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum. When an application is not in use the system suspends its operation so that, while available for immediate use rather than closed, it does not use battery power or CPU resources. Some settings for use by developers for debugging and power users are located in a “Developer options” sub menu, such as the ability to highlight updating parts of the display, show an overlay with the current status of the touch screen, show touching spots for possible use in screencasting microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free, notify the user of unresponsive читать больше processes with the option to end them “Show all ANRs”, i.

Developer options are initially hidden since Android 4. Hiding developers options again requires deleting user data for the “Settings” app, possibly resetting some other preferences.

While gaining support for bit platforms, Android was first made to run on bit x86 and then on ARM Since Android 5. Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7. Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components, including still or video cameras, GPSorientation sensorsdedicated gaming controls, accelerometersgyroscopesbarometers, magnetometersproximity sensorspressure sensorsthermometers, and touchscreens.

Some hardware components are not required, but became standard in certain classes of devices, such as smartphones, and additional requirements apply if что pixelmator logo templates free download полезная are present.

Some other hardware was initially required, but those requirements have been relaxed or eliminated altogether. For example, as Android was developed initially as a phone OS, hardware such as microphones were required, while over time the phone function became optional. In addition to running on smartphones and tablets, several vendors run Android natively on regular PC hardware with a keyboard and mouse. Android is developed by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point the source code is made available to the Android Open Source Project AOSP[] an open source initiative led by Google.

The source microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free is, in turn, customized by original equipment manufacturers OEMs to run on their hardware. Google provides annual [] Android releases, both for factory installation in new devices, and for over-the-air updates to existing devices.

The extensive variation of посмотреть больше [] in Android devices has caused significant delays for software upgrades and security patches. Each upgrade has had to be specifically tailored, a time- and resource-consuming process. The lack of after-sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumer groups and the technology media.

InGoogle began de-coupling certain aspects of the operating system particularly its central applications so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS. One of those components, Google Play Servicesis a closed-source system-level process providing APIs for Google services, installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android 2.

With these changes, Google can add new system functions and update apps without having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself. HTC ‘s then-executive Microsoft office home and student 2010 uninstall did not complete successfully free Mackenzie called monthly security updates “unrealistic” inand Google was trying to persuade carriers to exclude security patches from the full testing procedures.

In MayBloomberg Businessweek reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up-to-date, including accelerated rates of security updates, rolling out technological workarounds, reducing requirements for phone testing, and ranking phone makers in an attempt to “shame” them into better behavior.

As stated by Bloomberg : “As smartphones get more capable, complex and hackable, having the latest software work closely with the hardware is increasingly important”. Hiroshi Lockheimer, the Android lead, admitted that “It’s not an ideal situation”, further commenting that the lack of updates is “the weakest link on security on Android”.

Wireless carriers were described in the report as the “most challenging discussions”, due to their slow approval time while testing on their networks, despite some carriers, including Verizon Wireless and Sprint Corporationalready shortening their approval times. In a further effort for persuasion, Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners, and is considering making the list public.

In Maywith the announcement of Android 8. Project Treble separates the vendor implementation device-specific, lower-level software written by silicon manufacturers from the Android OS framework via a autocad civil 3d 2020 autodesk free “vendor interface”. In Android 7. With Treble, the new stable vendor interface provides access to the hardware-specific parts of Android, enabling device makers to deliver new Android releases simply by updating the Android OS framework, “without any additional work required from the silicon manufacturers.

In SeptemberGoogle’s Project Treble team revealed that, as part of their efforts to improve the security lifecycle of Android devices, Google had managed to get the Linux Foundation to agree to extend the support lifecycle of the Linux Long-Term Support LTS kernel branch from the 2 years that it has historically lasted to 6 years for future versions of the LTS kernel, starting with Linux kernel 4.

In Maywith the announcement of Android 10Google introduced Project Mainline to simplify and expedite delivery of updates to the Android ecosystem. As a result, important security and performance improvements that previously needed to be part of full OS updates can be downloaded and installed as easily as an app update. Google reported rolling out new amendments in Android 12 aimed at making the use of third-party application stores easier.

Uninstall Office from a PC

The unlocking process resets the system to factory state , erasing all user data. On top of the Linux kernel, there are the middleware , libraries and APIs written in C , and application software running on an application framework which includes Java -compatible libraries.

Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of Android’s other source code projects. In Android 4. Following the trace-based JIT principle, in addition to interpreting the majority of application code, Dalvik performs the compilation and native execution of select frequently executed code segments “traces” each time an application is launched. Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to the Linux kernel. At the same time, Bionic is licensed under the terms of the BSD licence , which Google finds more suitable for the Android’s overall licensing model.

Android does not have a native X Window System by default, nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries. In current versions of Android, ” Toybox “, a collection of command-line utilities mostly for use by apps, as Android does not provide a command-line interface by default , is used since the release of Marshmallow replacing a similar “Toolbox” collection found in previous Android versions.

Android’s source code is released by Google under an open source license , and its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which deliver updates to older devices, add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems. See List of custom Android distributions. Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party firmware development.

Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this. As a result, technical obstacles including locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions are common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits the ” jailbreaking ” of mobile devices, [] manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding third party development, with some, including HTC , [] Motorola , [] Samsung [] [] and Sony , [] providing support and encouraging development.

Internally, Android identifies each supported device by its device codename , a short string, [] which may or may not be similar to the model name used in marketing the device. For example, the device codename of the Pixel smartphone is sailfish. The device codename is usually not visible to the end user, but is important for determining compatibility with modified Android versions.

It is sometimes also mentioned in articles discussing a device, because it allows to distinguish different hardware variants of a device, even if the manufacturer offers them under the same name. The device codename is available to running applications under android. Research from security company Trend Micro lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to premium-rate telephone numbers without the consent or even knowledge of the user.

Other malware displays unwanted and intrusive advertisements on the device, or sends personal information to unauthorised third parties. In , journalists and researchers reported the discovery of spyware , called Pegasus , developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect both iOS and Android smartphones often — partly via use of 0-day exploits — without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.

The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches and queries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk. Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from to , detail the capabilities of the Central Intelligence Agency CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare , including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones including Android.

In August , Google announced that devices in the Google Nexus series would begin to receive monthly security patches. Google also wrote that “Nexus devices will continue to receive major updates for at least two years and security patches for the longer of three years from initial availability or 18 months from last sale of the device via the Google Store.

Google was starting from scratch with zero percent market share, so it was happy to give up control and give everyone a seat at the table in exchange for adoption. As such, security has become a big issue. Android still uses a software update chain-of-command designed back when the Android ecosystem had zero devices to update, and it just doesn’t work”.

And a bunch of broken promises”. They also wrote that “About half of devices in use at the end of had not received a platform security update in the previous year”, stating that their work would continue to focus on streamlining the security updates program for easier deployment by manufacturers. Patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-priced devices. For example, Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their Open Kernel Labs acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened microvisor for the “Knox” project.

Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phone users move around, to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like Foursquare , Google Latitude , Facebook Places , and to deliver location-based ads.

In , Norwegian security firm Promon has unearthed a serious Android security hole which can be exploited to steal login credentials, access messages, and track location, which could be found in all versions of Android, including Android The vulnerability came by exploiting a bug in the multitasking system enabling a malicious app to overlay legitimate apps with fake login screens that users are not aware of when handing in security credentials.

Some of the preinstalled malware can commit ad fraud or even take over its host device. In , the Which? This conclusion stemmed from the fact that no security updates were issued for the Android versions below 7.

A hacker could easily use the “Android system permissions” to fetch the account credentials in order to do so. Twitter confirmed that updating the app will restrict such practices. Android applications run in a sandbox , an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest of the system’s resources, unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed, however this may not be possible for pre-installed apps.

It is not possible, for example, to turn off the microphone access of the pre-installed camera app without disabling the camera completely.

This is valid also in Android versions 7 and 8. Since February , Google has used its Google Bouncer malware scanner to watch over and scan apps available in the Google Play store. Before installing an application, the Google Play store displays a list of the requirements an app needs to function.

After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or refuse them, installing the application only if they accept. An opt-in system is used instead, in which users are prompted to grant or deny individual permissions to an app when they are needed for the first time. Applications remember the grants, which can be revoked by the user at any time.

Pre-installed apps, however, are not always part of this approach. In some cases it may not be possible to deny certain permissions to pre-installed apps, nor be possible to disable them. The Google Play Services app cannot be uninstalled, nor disabled.

Any force stop attempt, result in the app restarting itself. Permissions can still be revoked for those apps, though this might prevent them from working properly, and a warning is displayed to that effect.

Nova wrote that “The Android operating system deals with software packages by sandboxing them; this does not allow applications to list the directory contents of other apps to keep the system safe. By not allowing the antivirus to list the directories of other apps after installation, applications that show no inherent suspicious behavior when downloaded are cleared as safe. If then later on parts of the app are activated that turn out to be malicious, the antivirus will have no way to know since it is inside the app and out of the antivirus’ jurisdiction”.

The study by Fraunhofer AISEC, examining antivirus software from Avast , AVG , Bitdefender , ESET , F-Secure , Kaspersky , Lookout , McAfee formerly Intel Security , Norton , Sophos , and Trend Micro , revealed that “the tested antivirus apps do not provide protection against customized malware or targeted attacks”, and that “the tested antivirus apps were also not able to detect malware which is completely unknown to date but does not make any efforts to hide its malignity”.

In August , Google announced Android Device Manager renamed Find My Device in May , [] [] a service that allows users to remotely track, locate, and wipe their Android device, [] [] with an Android app for the service released in December. On October 8, , Google announced new Google Play store requirements to combat over-sharing of potentially sensitive information, including call and text logs.

The issue stems from the fact that many apps request permissions to access users’ personal information even if this information is not needed for the app to function and some users unquestionably grant these permissions. Alternatively, a permission might be listed in the app manifest as required as opposed to optional and the app would not install unless user grants the permission; users can withdraw any, even required, permissions from any app in the device settings after app installation, but few users do this.

Google promised to work with developers and create exceptions if their apps require Phone or SMS permissions for “core app functionality”. The new policies enforcement started on January 6, , 90 days after policy announcement on October 8, The API level requirement might combat the practice of app developers bypassing some permission screens by specifying early Android versions that had a coarser permission model.

Dependence on proprietary Google Play Services and customizations added on top of the operating system by vendors who license Android from Google is causing privacy concerns. The source code for Android is open-source : it is developed in private by Google, with the source code released publicly when a new version of Android is released.

Google publishes most of the code including network and telephony stacks under the non-copyleft Apache License version 2. Associated Linux kernel changes are released under the copyleft GNU General Public License version 2, developed by the Open Handset Alliance , with the source code publicly available at all times.

The reason, according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom , [] and they did not want third parties creating a “really bad user experience” by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets. Only the base Android operating system including some applications is open-source software, whereas most Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software, such as Google Mobile Services , which includes applications such as Google Play Store , Google Search, and Google Play Services — a software layer that provides APIs for the integration with Google-provided services, among others.

These applications must be licensed from Google by device makers, and can only be shipped on devices which meet its compatibility guidelines and other requirements. Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have been critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as Replicant , because drivers and firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually proprietary, and because the Google Play Store application can forcibly install or uninstall applications and, as a result, invite non-free software.

In both cases, the use of closed-source software causes the system to become vulnerable to backdoors. It has been argued that because developers are often required to purchase the Google-branded Android license, this has turned the theoretically open system into a freemium service. Google licenses their Google Mobile Services software, along with the Android trademarks, only to hardware manufacturers for devices that meet Google’s compatibility standards specified in the Android Compatibility Program document.

In , Google also began to require that all Android devices which license the Google Mobile Services software display a prominent “Powered by Android” logo on their boot screens. Moreover, open-source variants of some applications also exclude functions that are present in their non-free versions. Apps that do not use Google components would also be at a functional disadvantage, as they can only use APIs contained within the OS itself.

In turn, third-party apps may have dependencies on Google Play Services. Alibaba Group defended the allegations, arguing that the OS was a distinct platform from Android primarily using HTML5 apps , but incorporated portions of Android’s platform to allow backwards compatibility with third-party Android software.

Indeed, the devices did ship with an application store which offered Android apps; however, the majority of them were pirated. Android received a lukewarm reaction when it was unveiled in Although analysts were impressed with the respected technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset Alliance, it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to replace their existing operating systems with Android.

Since then Android has grown to become the most widely used smartphone operating system [] [] and “one of the fastest mobile experiences available”.

As a result, it has been described by technology website Ars Technica as “practically the default operating system for launching new hardware” for companies without their own mobile platforms. These have been cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others. Despite Android’s popularity, including an activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google has not been able to leverage their other products and web services successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected.

Android has suffered from “fragmentation”, [] a situation where the variety of Android devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently across the ecosystem harder than rival platforms such as iOS where hardware and software varies less.

For example, according to data from OpenSignal in July , there were 11, models of Android devices, numerous screen sizes and eight Android OS versions simultaneously in use, while the large majority of iOS users have upgraded to the latest iteration of that OS. They maintain this forces Android developers to write for the “lowest common denominator” to reach as many users as possible, who have too little incentive to make use of the latest hardware or software features only available on a smaller percentage of devices.

Research company Canalys estimated in the second quarter of , that Android had a 2. By the third quarter of , Gartner estimated that more than half In July , Google said that , Android devices were being activated every day, [] up from , per day in May, [] and more than million devices had been activated [] with 4.

Android market share varies by location. In April , Android had 1. As of August , [update] the Google Play store had over 3 million Android applications published, [10] [] and as of May , [update] apps had been downloaded more than 65 billion times. Android devices account for more than half of smartphone sales in most markets, including the US, while “only in Japan was Apple on top” September—November numbers. Three billion Android smartphones were estimated to be sold by the end of including previous years.

According to Gartner research company, Android-based devices outsold all contenders, every year since According to StatCounter , which tracks only the use for browsing the web, Android is the most popular mobile operating system since August According to StatCounter, Android is most used on mobile in all African countries, and it stated “mobile usage has already overtaken desktop in several countries including India, South Africa and Saudi Arabia”, [] with virtually all countries in Africa having done so already except for seven countries, including Egypt , such as Ethiopia and Kenya in which mobile including tablets usage is at While Android phones in the Western world almost always include Google’s proprietary code such as Google Play in the otherwise open-source operating system, Google’s proprietary code and trademark is increasingly not used in emerging markets; “The growth of AOSP Android devices goes way beyond just China [..

According to a January Gartner report, “Android surpassed a billion shipments of devices in , and will continue to grow at a double-digit pace in , with a 26 percent increase year over year. Gartner expected the whole mobile phone market to “reach two billion units in “, including Android. According to a Statistica ‘s estimate, Android smartphones had an installed base of 1. In the second quarter of , Android’s share of the global smartphone shipment market was According to an April StatCounter report, Android overtook Microsoft Windows to become the most popular operating system for total Internet usage.

In September , Google announced that Android had 1. Despite its success on smartphones, initially Android tablet adoption was slow, [] then later caught up with the iPad, in most countries.

One of the main causes was the chicken or the egg situation where consumers were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet applications, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing tablet applications until there was a significant market for them. Due to the lack of Android tablet-specific applications in , early Android tablets had to make do with existing smartphone applications that were ill-suited to larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple’s iPad was reinforced by the large number of tablet-specific iOS applications.

This approach, such as with the Dell Streak , failed to gain market traction with consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets.

An exception was the Amazon Kindle Fire , which relied upon lower pricing as well as access to Amazon’s ecosystem of applications and content. This began to change in , with the release of the affordable Nexus 7 and a push by Google for developers to write better tablet applications. As of the end of , over There are countries on all continents where Android tablets are the majority, for example, Mexico.

It can now be as integral to your mobile portfolio as Apple ‘s iOS devices are”. Android 11 is, and was just before the release of Android 12, the most popular Android version, on both smartphones and tablets. Usage of Android 10 and newer, i. Android 12 is most popular in a few countries including the United States, [] but Android 11 is most used in most countries, including India, while in many others, including China, Android 10 is the most popular version.

O, until recently supported, at The usage share varies a lot by country: e. Android 9. At the same time In general, paid Android applications can easily be pirated. In , Google released a tool for validating authorized purchases for use within apps, but developers complained that this was insufficient and trivial to crack.

Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their needs, not as a finished piracy solution. The success of Android has made it a target for patent and copyright litigation between technology companies, both Android and Android phone manufacturers having been involved in numerous patent lawsuits and other legal challenges.

On August 12, , Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the Java programming language. They said that Android’s Java runtime environment is based on Apache Harmony , a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik.

In December , Google announced that the next major release of Android Android Nougat would switch to OpenJDK , which is the official open-source implementation of the Java platform, instead of using the now-discontinued Apache Harmony project as its runtime. Code reflecting this change was also posted to the AOSP source repository. The majority opinion began with the assumption that the APIs may be copyrightable, and thus proceeded with a review of the factors that contributed to fair use.

In , FairSearch , a lobbying organization supported by Microsoft , Oracle and others, filed a complaint regarding Android with the European Commission , alleging that its free-of-charge distribution model constituted anti-competitive predatory pricing. On October 16, , Google announced that it would change its distribution model for Google Mobile Services in the EU, since part of its revenues streams for Android which came through use of Google Search and Chrome were now prohibited by the EU’s ruling.

OEMs will no longer be barred from selling any device running incompatible versions of Android in Europe. In addition to lawsuits against Google directly, various proxy wars have been waged against Android indirectly by targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an Android device to market.

Google has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States, accusing Apple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovating and competing with better products and services. Google has developed several variations of Android for specific use cases, including Android Wear, later renamed Wear OS , for wearable devices such as wrist watches, [] [] Android TV for televisions, [] [] Android Things for smart or Internet of things devices and Android Automotive for cars.

The open and customizable nature of Android allows device makers to use it on other electronics as well, including laptops, netbooks , [] [] and desktop computers, [] cameras, [] headphones, [] home automation systems, game consoles, [] media players, [] satellites, [] routers , [] printers , [] payment terminals , [] automated teller machines , [] and robots. In , Google demonstrated “Android Home”, a home automation technology which uses Android to control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets and thermostats.

Google, he said, was thinking more ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a cloud services provider to bring Google products into customers’ homes.

Parrot unveiled an Android-based car stereo system known as Asteroid in , [] followed by a successor, the touchscreen-based Asteroid Smart, in Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops a similar functionality of running Android applications is also available in Google’s Chrome OS and can also be installed on personal computers by end users. In December , one reviewer commented that Android’s notification system is “vastly more complete and robust than in most environments” and that Android is “absolutely usable” as one’s primary desktop operating system.

The software is available for developers, and was released in The mascot of Android is a green android robot , as related to the software’s name. Although it has no official name, the Android team at Google reportedly call it “Bugdroid”. It was designed by then-Google graphic designer Irina Blok on November 5, , when Android was announced. Contrary to reports that she was tasked with a project to create an icon, [] Blok confirmed in an interview that she independently developed it and made it open source.

The robot design was initially not presented to Google, but it quickly became commonplace in the Android development team, with various variations of it created by the developers there who liked the figure, as it was free under a Creative Commons license. Cite error: A list-defined reference named “First Release” is not used in the content see the help page. Cite error: A list-defined reference named “Programming Languages” is not used in the content see the help page.

Cite error: A list-defined reference named “Languages” is not used in the content see the help page. Cite error: A list-defined reference named “License” is not used in the content see the help page. Cite error: A list-defined reference named “Bionic Userland” is not used in the content see the help page. Cite error: A list-defined reference named “Korn Userland” is not used in the content see the help page.

Cite error: A list-defined reference named “Toybox Userland” is not used in the content see the help page. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mobile operating system. Android 12 home screen with Pixel Launcher. Apache License 2. See also: Android version history. Main article: List of features in Android.

See also: Android software development and Google Play. See also: Android hardware requirements. Main article: Rooting Android. See also: Mobile security and Comparison of open-source mobile phones. See also: Behavioral targeting and DeGoogle. Main article: Usage share of operating systems. Main article: Android version history. Further information: Smartphone patent wars and Patent troll.

Main article: Oracle v. Main article: European Union vs. A giant Android mascot at Googleplex in Free and open-source software portal Computer programming portal. Android Developers. Retrieved June 8, Retrieved November 22, Android Authority. June 12, And Does It Even Matter? March 28, Retrieved October 21, GMS is only available through a license with Google [..

App Developer Magazine. Retrieved July 29, Android Open Source Project. Retrieved January 4, The Verge. Retrieved March 24, Retrieved August 12, August 18, Archived from the original on March 13, Retrieved March 12, Bloomberg Businessweek.

Bloomberg L. Archived from the original on February 5, PC World. International Data Group. Archived from the original on May 10, Retrieved May 9, Vox Media. Archived from the original on April 29, Business Insider. Axel Springer SE. Archived from the original on May 20, Archived from the original on March 19, New York. ISBN OCLC Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 13, Retrieved August 13, The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 6, Archived from the original on March 12, Retrieved March 11, August 2, The Wall Street Journal.

Archived from the original on July 29, Retrieved July 24, The Record Bergen County. Retrieved February 21, And don’t hold your breath, but the same cell phone-obsessed tech watchers say it won’t be long before Google jumps headfirst into the phone biz.

Phone, anyone? Archived from the original on February 11, Archived from the original on March 25, Archived from the original on June 23, Android Police. Open Handset Alliance. November 5, Archived from the original on March 9, Archived from the original on June 22, Official Google Blog. Archived from the original on March 17, Knowingly, Corp. July 3, The Indian Express. Indian Express Limited. Archived from the original on June 24, Archived from the original on December 26, Archived from the original on November 29, The Inquirer.

Incisive Media. The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 14, Android Central. Mobile Nations. Archived from the original on February 23, NDTV Gadgets The Next Web.

BBC News. September 15, Archived from the original on November 1, Retrieved November 9, Archived from the original on November 3, Archived from the original on October 5, Retrieved March 13, Archived from the original on May 11, CBS Interactive.

Archived from the original on January 6, Archived from the original on October 11, Retrieved October 12, May 19, VOX Media. Retrieved July 20, Technology Intelligence.

The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 10, Huawei, which is the world’s second largest seller of smartphones after Samsung, has long relied on Google’s Android operating system to run its smartphones and tablets. The ban means that new Huawei phones will no longer be able to access certain apps, such as Google Maps and YouTube, and existing phones will not be able to update their Android operating systems.

Tech News. Retrieved August 10, Huawei is moving to trademark the name of its operating system, “Hongmeng,” in Peru. Mobile tech. Where Consumers Come First Wccf.

If you want to reinstall Office, select the steps for the version you want and follow those steps. Close the uninstall tool. Tip: If the Office uninstall tool doesn’t completely uninstall Office from your PC, you can try to manually uninstall Office. Note: If you installed an Office suite such as Office Home and Student or you have an Office subscription, search for the suite name.

If you bought an individual Office application, such as Word or Visio, search for the application name. Tip: If you can’t uninstall your Microsoft Store installation using Settings in Windows 10, then try to uninstall Office manually using PowerShell following the steps below.

If only a command prompt appears and no additional information, it means you successfully removed Office and you can close the Windows PowerShell window.

Note: If you’re not sure what operating system you have, see Which Windows operating system am I running? Table of contents. Office install. How to install Office. Redeem or activate. Office product keys. Activate Office. Install other apps. Set up mobile devices. Office updates. Upgrade to the latest version. Troubleshoot and uninstall. Expand this section if you’re not sure which installation type you have.

Open an Office app to check your installation type Note: If you can’t open an app to check your installation type, try the more common Click-to-Run or MSI uninstall steps first.

Open the Control Panel. Windows 10 In the search box on the task bar, type control panel , then select Control Panel. Windows 8. Option 2 – Completely uninstall Office with the uninstall support tool. If you see the User Account Control prompt that says, Do you want to allow this app to make changes to your device?

Your install is finished when you see the phrase, “You’re all set! Office is installed now” and an animation plays to show you where to find Office applications on your computer. Select Close. If you’re having an installation issue such as Office taking long to install, try Need help?

To open an Office app, select the Start button lower-left corner of your screen and type the name of an Office app, like Word. If you have Windows 8. Can’t find your Office apps?

Note: The Activation Wizard appears if Office has trouble activating. Complete the steps in the wizard to finish activating Office. From the Microsoft home page select Install Office if you set a different start page, go to aka.

Note: Don’t see an install option after signing in? Once the download has completed, open Finder, go to Downloads , and double-click Microsoft Office installer. Tip: If you see an error that says the Microsoft Office installer. On the first installation screen, select Continue to begin the installation process. Review the disk space requirements or change your install location, and then click Install. Note: If you want to only install specific Office apps and not the entire suite, click the Customize button and uncheck the programs you don’t want.

Enter your Mac login password, if prompted, and then click Install Software. This is the password that you use to log in to your Mac. The software begins to install. Click Close when the installation is finished. If Office installation fails, see What to try if you can’t install or activate Office for Mac. The What’s New window opens automatically when you launch Word.

Click Get Started to start activating. If you need help activating Office, see Activate Office for Mac. If Office activation fails, see What to try if you can’t install or activate Office for Mac.

How do I pin the Office app icons to the dock? Can I install Office on my iPhone or iPad? Tip: Don’t see your issue listed? Try Troubleshoot installing Office for additional issues and their possible solutions. Before you can install Microsoft or Office you need to associate it with a Microsoft account, or work or school account. If you have an Office for home product and bought Office at a retail store or online store, but don’t have a Microsoft account, it’s possible you haven’t redeemed your product key yet if you got one , or you missed the step for linking your recent purchase with an account.

Do the following to link an account with Office. For an Office for home product, go to office. Your account is successfully associated with Office when you see the page, My Office Account followed by your Microsoft account email address, and a button to install Office. Select the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process.

If the Microsoft account or work or school account isn’t working, see I forgot the username or password for the account I use with Office. After signing in with your work or school account you don’t see an option to install the desktop applications on the Microsoft home page, go directly to the Microsoft Software page instead.

Select the language and bit-version you want PC users can choose between bit and bit , and then click Install. See Step 2 and 3 on the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process.

If you still don’t see an option to install Office on the Microsoft Software page, it’s possible your admin hasn’t assigned a license to you. Find out if you have a license to install Office. If you’re a student or teacher and your institution didn’t give you a license, find out if you’re eligible to Get Microsoft for free.

If you’re trying to sign in with your work or school account to www. To install Office, try signing in directly to the Microsoft Software page instead. See Steps 2 and 3 on the PC or Mac tabs above to help you with the rest of the install process. Not all versions of Office include a key, but if yours did, you need to redeem it before you can install Office. Follow the remaining prompts to finish linking your Microsoft account with this version of Office.

No product key or not sure if you need one? See Using product keys with Office. The steps in this topic assume you have Microsoft or Office and you’re ready to install or reinstall it. Don’t have the latest version yet? Buy or try Microsoft Learn more about the differences between Microsoft and non-subscription versions.

Installation help for older versions of Office:. Office , Office , or Office Office for Mac Office

Uninstall MS Office Home & Student – Error The – Microsoft Community

After completing the installation, the Uninstall Office products window will open. From the Uninstall Office products window, select the version of Office you want to uninstall, and then select Next. After you restart your computer, the uninstall tool automatically re-opens to complete the final step of the uninstall process.

Follow the remaining prompts. If you want to reinstall Office, select the steps for the version you want and follow those steps. Close the uninstall tool. Tip: If the Office uninstall tool doesn’t completely uninstall Office from your PC, you can try to manually uninstall Office.

Note: If you installed an Office suite such as Office Home and Student or you have an Office subscription, search for the suite name. If you bought an individual Office application, such as Word or Visio, search for the application name. Tip: If you can’t uninstall your Microsoft Store installation using Settings in Windows 10, then try to uninstall Office manually using PowerShell following the steps below.

If only a command prompt appears and no additional information, it means you successfully removed Office and you can close the Windows PowerShell window. Note: If you’re not sure what operating system you have, see Which Windows operating system am I running?

Table of contents. Office install. How to install Office. Redeem or activate. Office product keys. Activate Office. Install other apps. Set up mobile devices. Office updates. Upgrade to the latest version. Troubleshoot and uninstall. Expand this section if you’re not sure which installation type you have. Open an Office app to check your installation type Note: If you can’t open an app to check your installation type, try the more common Click-to-Run or MSI uninstall steps first.

Before you begin, make sure your PC or Mac meets the system requirements. If you are reinstalling Office, you have already redeemed a product key, or you are installing Office at work or school and know you have a license, then go to the section sign in to download and install Office. However, if this is the first time you’re installing Office, you may have some pre-installation steps to do first.

Expand the Learn more section below for more info. If this is the first time you’re installing Office, you may have to complete a set of pre-installation steps first or you may need to follow different steps than what’s contained below.

What you do depends if your copy of Office is an Office for home or an Office for business product and whether or not you have a product key you have to redeem, an existing account associated with Office, or a pre-assigned license. Go to office. Redeeming your key is what adds your Microsoft account to Office and you only have to do this once.

If you’re renewing a Microsoft subscription with a new product key, use the same Microsoft account you previously associated with your expired version subscription. Tip: Once this is done, anytime you need to install or reinstall Office you can go straight to the next section, Sign in to download Office and select the tab for help to install on a PC or Mac.

Be sure to sign in with the same Microsoft account you used to redeem your product key at office. If your Office for business subscription plan includes the desktop version of the Office apps you won’t see an option to install it unless someone in your organization assigned a license to you.

Learn how to check this in What Microsoft business product or license do I have? Once you verify you have a license, anytime you need to install or reinstall Office you can go straight to the section below, Sign in to download Office and select the tab for steps to install on a PC or Mac.

You’ll sign in with your work or school account for these versions of Office. Some versions of Office such as Office Professional Plus , Office Standard , or a stand-alone app such as Word or Project don’t have an associated Microsoft account, or work or school account.

The steps to install these versions can be different depending if you got Office through one of the following ways:. Volume license versions : IT departments might use a different method when installing Office for people in their organization. Talk to your IT department for install help. Third-party seller : You bought Office from a third-party and you’re having problems with the product key.

Go to www. Note: If you’re using Microsoft operated by 21 Vianet, sign in with your work or school account to login. If you’re using Microsoft Germany, sign in with your work or school account to portal. Sign in with the account you associated with this version of Office. This account can be a Microsoft account, or work or school account. I forgot the account I use with Office.

You signed in with a Microsoft account. You signed in with a work or school account. From the home page select Install Office If you set a different start page, go to aka. For Microsoft operated by 21 Vianet go to login. For Microsoft Germany go to portal. The bit version is installed by default unless Office detects you already have a bit version of Office or a stand-alone Office app such as Project or Visio installed.

In this case, the bit version of Office will be installed instead. To change from a bit version to a bit version or vice versa, you need to uninstall Office first including any stand-alone Office apps you have such as Project of Visio. Once the uninstall is complete, sign in again to www. See Install Visio or Install Project if you need to reinstall those stand-alone apps. This completes the download of Office to your device.

To complete the installation, follow the prompts in the “Install Office” section below. Tip: Don’t see an install option after signing in? There could be an issue with your account. Select Need help? If you see the User Account Control prompt that says, Do you want to allow this app to make changes to your device? Your install is finished when you see the phrase, “You’re all set! Office is installed now” and an animation plays to show you where to find Office applications on your computer.

Select Close. If you’re having an installation issue such as Office taking long to install, try Need help? To open an Office app, select the Start button lower-left corner of your screen and type the name of an Office app, like Word.

If you have Windows 8. Can’t find your Office apps? Note: The Activation Wizard appears if Office has trouble activating. Complete the steps in the wizard to finish activating Office. From the Microsoft home page select Install Office if you set a different start page, go to aka. Note: Don’t see an install option after signing in? Once the download has completed, open Finder, go to Downloads , and double-click Microsoft Office installer. Tip: If you see an error that says the Microsoft Office installer.

On the first installation screen, select Continue to begin the installation process. Review the disk space requirements or change your install location, and then click Install. Note: If you want to only install specific Office apps and not the entire suite, click the Customize button and uncheck the programs you don’t want.

The app list may be accessed using a gesture or a button, depending on the Android version. A “Recents” screen, also known as “Overview”, lets users switch between recently used apps. The recent list may appear side-by-side or overlapping, depending on the Android version and manufacturer.

Many early Android OS smartphones were equipped with a dedicated search button for quick access to a web search engine and individual apps’ internal search feature. More recent devices typically allow the former through a long press or swipe away from the home button. The dedicated option key, also known as menu key, and its on-screen simulation, is no longer supported since Android version Google recommends mobile application developers to locate menus within the user interface.

Depending on device, its long press may simulate a menu button press or engage split screen view, the latter of which is the default behaviour since stock Android version 7. Native support for split screen view has been added in stock Android version 7.

The earliest vendor-customized Android-based smartphones known to have featured a split-screen view mode are the Samsung Galaxy S3 and Note 2 , the former of which received this feature with the premium suite upgrade delivered in TouchWiz with Android 4. When connecting or disconnecting charging power and when shortly actuating the power button or home button, all while the device is powered off, a visual battery meter whose appearance varies among vendors appears on the screen, allowing the user to quickly assess the charge status of a powered-off without having to boot it up first.

Some display the battery percentage. Since stock Android version 12, released early , synchronous vibration can be set to complement audio.

Applications ” apps ” , which extend the functionality of devices and must be bit [] , are written using the Android software development kit SDK [] and, often, Kotlin programming language, which replaced Java as Google’s preferred language for Android app development in May , [] and was originally announced in May The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, [] including a debugger , software libraries , a handset emulator based on QEMU , documentation, sample code, and tutorials.

Android has a growing selection of third-party applications, which can be acquired by users by downloading and installing the application’s APK Android application package file, or by downloading them using an application store program that allows users to install, update, and remove applications from their devices.

Google Play Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google’s compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software. Due to the open nature of Android, a number of third-party application marketplaces also exist for Android, either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store, provide applications that cannot be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations, or for other reasons.

F-Droid , another alternative marketplace, seeks to only provide applications that are distributed under free and open source licenses. In October , Google removed several Android applications from Play Store , as they were identified breaching its data collection rules. The storage of Android devices can be expanded using secondary devices such as SD cards. Android recognizes two types of secondary storage: portable storage which is used by default , and adoptable storage.

Portable storage is treated as an external storage device. Adoptable storage, introduced on Android 6. This has the disadvantage of preventing the memory card from being used with another device unless it is reformatted. Android 4. Apps are required to use the SAF to access any other part of the filesystem. Since Android devices are usually battery-powered, Android is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum.

When an application is not in use the system suspends its operation so that, while available for immediate use rather than closed, it does not use battery power or CPU resources. Some settings for use by developers for debugging and power users are located in a “Developer options” sub menu, such as the ability to highlight updating parts of the display, show an overlay with the current status of the touch screen, show touching spots for possible use in screencasting , notify the user of unresponsive background processes with the option to end them “Show all ANRs”, i.

Developer options are initially hidden since Android 4. Hiding developers options again requires deleting user data for the “Settings” app, possibly resetting some other preferences. While gaining support for bit platforms, Android was first made to run on bit x86 and then on ARM Since Android 5.

Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7. Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components, including still or video cameras, GPS , orientation sensors , dedicated gaming controls, accelerometers , gyroscopes , barometers, magnetometers , proximity sensors , pressure sensors , thermometers, and touchscreens. Some hardware components are not required, but became standard in certain classes of devices, such as smartphones, and additional requirements apply if they are present.

In addition to running on smartphones and tablets, several vendors run Android natively on regular PC hardware with a keyboard and mouse. Android is developed by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point the source code is made available to the Android Open Source Project AOSP , [] an open source initiative led by Google.

The source code is, in turn, customized by original equipment manufacturers OEMs to run on their hardware. Google provides annual [] Android releases, both for factory installation in new devices, and for over-the-air updates to existing devices.

The extensive variation of hardware [] in Android devices has caused significant delays for software upgrades and security patches. Each upgrade has had to be specifically tailored, a time- and resource-consuming process. The lack of after-sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumer groups and the technology media. In , Google began de-coupling certain aspects of the operating system particularly its central applications so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS.

One of those components, Google Play Services , is a closed-source system-level process providing APIs for Google services, installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android 2. With these changes, Google can add new system functions and update apps without having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself. HTC ‘s then-executive Jason Mackenzie called monthly security updates “unrealistic” in , and Google was trying to persuade carriers to exclude security patches from the full testing procedures.

In May , Bloomberg Businessweek reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up-to-date, including accelerated rates of security updates, rolling out technological workarounds, reducing requirements for phone testing, and ranking phone makers in an attempt to “shame” them into better behavior.

In a further effort for persuasion, Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners, and is considering making the list public. In May , with the announcement of Android 8. Project Treble separates the vendor implementation device-specific, lower-level software written by silicon manufacturers from the Android OS framework via a new “vendor interface”. In Android 7. With Treble, the new stable vendor interface provides access to the hardware-specific parts of Android, enabling device makers to deliver new Android releases simply by updating the Android OS framework, “without any additional work required from the silicon manufacturers.

In September , Google’s Project Treble team revealed that, as part of their efforts to improve the security lifecycle of Android devices, Google had managed to get the Linux Foundation to agree to extend the support lifecycle of the Linux Long-Term Support LTS kernel branch from the 2 years that it has historically lasted to 6 years for future versions of the LTS kernel, starting with Linux kernel 4.

In May , with the announcement of Android 10 , Google introduced Project Mainline to simplify and expedite delivery of updates to the Android ecosystem.

As a result, important security and performance improvements that previously needed to be part of full OS updates can be downloaded and installed as easily as an app update. Google reported rolling out new amendments in Android 12 aimed at making the use of third-party application stores easier.

This announcement rectified the concerns reported regarding the development of Android apps, including a fight over an alternative in-app payment system and difficulties faced by businesses moving online because of COVID Android’s kernel is based on the Linux kernel ‘s long-term support LTS branches.

As of [update] , Android uses versions 4. Android’s variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle, such as the inclusion of components like device trees, ashmem, ION, and different out of memory OOM handling. In August , Linus Torvalds said that “eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years”.

The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory the traditional suspend that Android uses , and to disk hibernate, as it is known on the desktop.

Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation , [] Google’s open-source chief Chris DiBona , [] and several journalists. With the release of Android Oreo in , Google began to require that devices shipped with new SoCs had Linux kernel version 4. Existing devices upgraded to Oreo, and new products launched with older SoCs, were exempt from this rule. However, root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws in Android, which is used frequently by the open-source community to enhance the capabilities and customizability of their devices, but also by malicious parties to install viruses and malware.

In Android 4. Following the trace-based JIT principle, in addition to interpreting the majority of application code, Dalvik performs the compilation and native execution of select frequently executed code segments “traces” each time an application is launched. Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to the Linux kernel.

At the same time, Bionic is licensed under the terms of the BSD licence , which Google finds more suitable for the Android’s overall licensing model. Android does not have a native X Window System by default, nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries.

In current versions of Android, ” Toybox “, a collection of command-line utilities mostly for use by apps, as Android does not provide a command-line interface by default , is used since the release of Marshmallow replacing a similar “Toolbox” collection found in previous Android versions. Android’s source code is released by Google under an open source license , and its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open-source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which deliver updates to older devices, add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems.

See List of custom Android distributions. Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party firmware development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this. As a result, technical obstacles including locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions are common in many devices. However, as community-developed software has grown more popular, and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits the ” jailbreaking ” of mobile devices, [] manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding third party development, with some, including HTC , [] Motorola , [] Samsung [] [] and Sony , [] providing support and encouraging development.

As a result of this, over time the need to circumvent hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaders , similar to Nexus series of phones, although usually requiring that users waive their devices’ warranties to do so. Internally, Android identifies each supported device by its device codename , a short string, [] which may or may not be similar to the model name used in marketing the device.

For example, the device codename of the Pixel smartphone is sailfish. The device codename is usually not visible to the end user, but is important for determining compatibility with modified Android versions. It is sometimes also mentioned in articles discussing a device, because it allows to distinguish different hardware variants of a device, even if the manufacturer offers them under the same name. The device codename is available to running applications under android.

Research from security company Trend Micro lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android malware, where text messages are sent from infected phones to premium-rate telephone numbers without the consent or even knowledge of the user. Other malware displays unwanted and intrusive advertisements on the device, or sends personal information to unauthorised third parties. In , journalists and researchers reported the discovery of spyware , called Pegasus , developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect both iOS and Android smartphones often — partly via use of 0-day exploits — without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the user and then be used to exfiltrate data, track user locations, capture film through its camera, and activate the microphone at any time.

They are reportedly able to read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes. GCHQ has, according to The Guardian , a wiki -style guide of different apps and advertising networks, and the different data that can be siphoned from each. The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches and queries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk.

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from to , detail the capabilities of the Central Intelligence Agency CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare , including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones including Android.

Android still uses a software update chain-of-command designed back when the Android ecosystem had zero devices to update, and it just doesn’t work”. And a bunch of broken promises”. They also wrote that “About half of devices in use at the end of had not received a platform security update in the previous year”, stating that their work would continue to focus on streamlining the security updates program for easier deployment by manufacturers. Patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower-priced devices.

For example, Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their Open Kernel Labs acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened microvisor for the “Knox” project. Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi-Fi access points, encountered as phone users move around, to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points.

These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like Foursquare , Google Latitude , Facebook Places , and to deliver location-based ads. In , Norwegian security firm Promon has unearthed a serious Android security hole which can be exploited to steal login credentials, access messages, and track location, which could be found in all versions of Android, including Android The vulnerability came by exploiting a bug in the multitasking system enabling a malicious app to overlay legitimate apps with fake login screens that users are not aware of when handing in security credentials.

Users can also be tricked into granting additional permissions to the malicious apps, which later enable them to perform various nefarious activities, including intercepting texts or calls and stealing banking credentials. Some of the preinstalled malware can commit ad fraud or even take over its host device. In , the Which? This conclusion stemmed from the fact that no security updates were issued for the Android versions below 7.

Google refused to comment on the watchdog’s speculations. On August 5, , Twitter published a blog urging its users to update their applications to the latest version with regards to a security concern that allowed others to access direct messages. A hacker could easily use the “Android system permissions” to fetch the account credentials in order to do so. Twitter confirmed that updating the app will restrict such practices. Android applications run in a sandbox , an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest of the system’s resources, unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed, however this may not be possible for pre-installed apps.

It is not possible, for example, to turn off the microphone access of the pre-installed camera app without disabling the camera completely. This is valid also in Android versions 7 and 8. Since February , Google has used its Google Bouncer malware scanner to watch over and scan apps available in the Google Play store.

Before installing an application, the Google Play store displays a list of the requirements an app needs to function. After reviewing these permissions, the user can choose to accept or refuse them, installing the application only if they accept.

An opt-in system is used instead, in which users are prompted to grant or deny individual permissions to an app when they are needed for the first time.

Applications remember the grants, which can be revoked by the user at any time. Pre-installed apps, however, are not always part of this approach. In some cases it may not be possible to deny certain permissions to pre-installed apps, nor be possible to disable them.

The Google Play Services app cannot be uninstalled, nor disabled. Any force stop attempt, result in the app restarting itself.

Permissions can still be revoked for those apps, though this might prevent them from working properly, and a warning is displayed to that effect. Nova wrote that “The Android operating system deals with software packages by sandboxing them; this does not allow applications to list the directory contents of other apps to keep the system safe. By not allowing the antivirus to list the directories of other apps after installation, applications that show no inherent suspicious behavior when downloaded are cleared as safe.

If then later on parts of the app are activated that turn out to be malicious, the antivirus will have no way to know since it is inside the app and out of the antivirus’ jurisdiction”.

On October 8, , Google announced new Google Play store requirements to combat over-sharing of potentially sensitive information, including call and text logs. The issue stems from the fact that many apps request permissions to access users’ personal information even if this information is not needed for the app to function and some users unquestionably grant these permissions.

Alternatively, a permission might be listed in the app manifest as required as opposed to optional and the app would not install unless user grants the permission; users can withdraw any, even required, permissions from any app in the device settings after app installation, but few users do this.

Dependence on proprietary Google Play Services and customizations added on top of the operating system by vendors who license Android from Google is causing privacy concerns.

The source code for Android is open-source : it is developed in private by Google, with the source code released publicly when a new version of Android is released. Google publishes most of the code including network and telephony stacks under the non-copyleft Apache License version 2. Associated Linux kernel changes are released under the copyleft GNU General Public License version 2, developed by the Open Handset Alliance , with the source code publicly available at all times.

Google licenses their Google Mobile Services software, along with the Android trademarks, only to hardware manufacturers for devices that meet Google’s compatibility standards specified in the Android Compatibility Program document. In , Google also began to require that all Android devices which license the Google Mobile Services software display a prominent “Powered by Android” logo on their boot screens.

Moreover, open-source variants of some applications also exclude functions that are present in their non-free versions. Apps that do not use Google components would also be at a functional disadvantage, as they can only use APIs contained within the OS itself.

Since then Android has grown to become the most widely used smartphone operating system [] [] and “one of the fastest mobile experiences available”. As a result, it has been described by technology website Ars Technica as “practically the default operating system for launching new hardware” for companies without their own mobile platforms. These have been cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others.

Despite Android’s popularity, including an activation rate three times that of iOS, there have been reports that Google has not been able to leverage their other products and web services successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected. Android has suffered from “fragmentation”, [] a situation where the variety of Android devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently across the ecosystem harder than rival platforms such as iOS where hardware and software varies less.

In September , Google announced that Android had 1. Despite its success on smartphones, initially Android tablet adoption was slow, [] then later caught up with the iPad, in most countries. One of the main causes was the chicken or the egg situation where consumers were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet applications, but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing tablet applications until there was a significant market for them.

Due to the lack of Android tablet-specific applications in , early Android tablets had to make do with existing smartphone applications that were ill-suited to larger screen sizes, whereas the dominance of Apple’s iPad was reinforced by the large number of tablet-specific iOS applications.

This approach, such as with the Dell Streak , failed to gain market traction with consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets. An exception was the Amazon Kindle Fire , which relied upon lower pricing as well as access to Amazon’s ecosystem of applications and content.

This began to change in , with the release of the affordable Nexus 7 and a push by Google for developers to write better tablet applications. As of the end of , over There are countries on all continents where Android tablets are the majority, for example, Mexico. It can now be as integral to your mobile portfolio as Apple ‘s iOS devices are”. Android 11 is, and was just before the release of Android 12, the most popular Android version, on both smartphones and tablets.

Usage of Android 10 and newer, i. Android 12 is most popular in a few countries including the United States, [] but Android 11 is most used in most countries, including India, while in many others, including China, Android 10 is the most popular version. O, until recently supported, at The usage share varies a lot by country: e.

Android 9. At the same time In general, paid Android applications can easily be pirated. In , Google released a tool for validating authorized purchases for use within apps, but developers complained that this was insufficient and trivial to crack. Google responded that the tool, especially its initial release, was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their needs, not as a finished piracy solution.

The success of Android has made it a target for patent and copyright litigation between technology companies, both Android and Android phone manufacturers having been involved in numerous patent lawsuits and other legal challenges. On August 12, , Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the Java programming language. They said that Android’s Java runtime environment is based on Apache Harmony , a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik.

Code reflecting this change was also posted to the AOSP source repository. The majority opinion began with the assumption that the APIs may be copyrightable, and thus proceeded with a review of the factors that contributed to fair use.

Google Search will be licensed separately, with an option to include Google Chrome at no additional cost atop Search. European OEMs can bundle third-party alternatives on phones and devices sold to customers, if they so choose. OEMs will no longer be barred from selling any device running incompatible versions of Android in Europe.

In addition to lawsuits against Google directly, various proxy wars have been waged against Android indirectly by targeting manufacturers of Android devices, with the effect of discouraging manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an Android device to market.

Google has developed several variations of Android for specific use cases, including Android Wear, later renamed Wear OS , for wearable devices such as wrist watches, [] [] Android TV for televisions, [] [] Android Things for smart or Internet of things devices and Android Automotive for cars.

In , Google demonstrated “Android Home”, a home automation technology which uses Android to control a range of household devices including light switches, power sockets and thermostats.

Google, he said, was thinking more ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a cloud services provider to bring Google products into customers’ homes. Parrot unveiled an Android-based car stereo system known as Asteroid in , [] followed by a successor, the touchscreen-based Asteroid Smart, in Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops a similar functionality of running Android applications is also available in Google’s Chrome OS and can also be installed on personal computers by end users.

In December , one reviewer commented that Android’s notification system is “vastly more complete and robust than in most environments” and that Android is “absolutely usable” as one’s primary desktop operating system. The software is available for developers, and was released in The mascot of Android is a green android robot , as related to the software’s name.

Although it has no official name, the Android team at Google reportedly call it “Bugdroid”. It was designed by then-Google graphic designer Irina Blok on November 5, , when Android was announced. Contrary to reports that she was tasked with a project to create an icon, [] Blok confirmed in an interview that she independently developed it and made it open source. The robot design was initially not presented to Google, but it quickly became commonplace in the Android development team, with various variations of it created by the developers there who liked the figure, as it was free under a Creative Commons license.

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Cite error: A list-defined reference named “Korn Userland” is not used in the content see the help page. Cite error: A list-defined reference named “Toybox Userland” is not used in the content see the help page. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mobile operating system. Android 12 home screen with Pixel Launcher. Apache License 2. See also: Android version history. Main article: List of features in Android. See also: Android software development and Google Play. See also: Android hardware requirements.

Main article: Rooting Android. See also: Mobile security and Comparison of open-source mobile phones. See also: Behavioral targeting and DeGoogle. Main article: Usage share of operating systems. Main article: Android version history. Further information: Smartphone patent wars and Patent troll. Main article: Oracle v. Main article: European Union vs.

A giant Android mascot at Googleplex in Free and open-source software portal Computer programming portal. Android Developers. Retrieved June 8, Retrieved November 22, Android Authority.

June 12, And Does It Even Matter? March 28, Retrieved October 21, GMS is only available through a license with Google [.. App Developer Magazine. Retrieved July 29, Android Open Source Project. Retrieved January 4, The Verge. Retrieved March 24, Retrieved August 12, August 18, Archived from the original on March 13, Retrieved March 12, Bloomberg Businessweek.

Bloomberg L. Archived from the original on February 5, PC World. International Data Group. Archived from the original on May 10, Retrieved May 9, Vox Media. Archived from the original on April 29,

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25/11/2022